m e o r e d m o s v l a
,,qebaÁ da didebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ~-s teqstSi vkiTxulobT: ,,damarxul ars enaÁ qarTuli dRedmde meored mosvlisa misisas sawameblad~ da ,,moelis dResa mas meored mosvlasa uflisasa~.
ra aris meored mosvla? risTvis? visTvis? an ratom? namdvilad arsebobs ,,meored mosvla~ Tu CagrulTa imedia codvilTa dasasjelad. ai kiTxvebi, romelTac unda gaeces pasuxi - ,,ese wili anbanisaÁ~…
qarTveli eris istoriaSi ara erTi magaliTia imisa, rom qarTvelTa jari damarcxebula da mefe gaxiznula. am dros samRvdeloebas - mRvdelmTavars utvirTavs xalxis (eris) bedi da Rirseulad umwyemsia. da Tu samRvdeloebasac ar SeuZlia eris mwyemsoba, maSin daCagruli xalxi meored mosvlis imediTRa rCeba. amis dasturad maTe bibliaSi ai ras gveubneba: ,,uteveT maT, rameTu brmani arian da winamZRuarni brmaTani: xolo brmai brmasa Tu wina uZRvn, ornive mTxrebelsa Stacvivian~.
gasuli saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi uzarmazari STabeWdileba moaxdina aRmoCenam bibliuri warRvnis Sesaxeb.
erT mSvenier dRes londonSi britaneTis muzeumis ubralo muSaki jorj smiTi Seudga nineviidan gamogzavnili da muzeumis sardafSi dawyobili lursmnuli firfitebis amokiTxvas. Tavisda gasaocrad, igi waawyda kacobriobis uZveles poemas, SumerTa legendaruli gmiris – gilgameSis gmirobasa da Tavgadasavals rom aRwerda.
erTxel ki firfitebis garCevisas smiTi iseT rames waawyda, rom Tvalebs ar ujerebda, ramodenime firfitaze ipova warRvnaze gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis fragmentebi, gasaocrad rom hgavdnen biliur variants. smiTma es fragmentebi gamoaqveyna da dedofal viqtorias droindelma ingliselma farisevlebma maSinve vai uSvelebeli atexes. maTTvis biblia wmidaTawmida, RmerTis mier STagonebuli wigni iyo, amitom ar SeeZloT Serigebodnen im azrs, rom noes ambavi Sumerebisgan nasesxebi miTia. maTi azriT is, rac smiTma amoikiTxa, SemTxveviT msgavsebaze ufro metyvelebs.
am davas sabolood gadawyvetda im firfitebis mikvleva, romlebic poemas Seavsebdnen, jorj smiTi iaraRs ar yrida. igi mesopotamiaSi gaemgzavra da, ai, saswaulic moxda!.. nineviis uzarmazar nangrevebSi man ipova Tqmulebis danarCeni firfitebic. am fragmentebma sruliad daadastures misi varaudi. amas mowmobda iseTi identuri detalebi rogoric iyo: yornisa da mtredis gamoSveba kidobnidan, aRwera mTisa, romelsac kidobani miadga, warRvnis xangrZlivoba da agreTve Tqmulebis morali _ codvili kacobriobis dasja da RvTismosavi adamianebis gadarCena.
gamocdilma istorikosma icis, rom Zalian xSirad legenda poeturad gadamuSavebuli namdvili ambavia da rom igi xSirad Seicavs raRac istoriul simarTles. (bibliuri Tqmulebebi).
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebidan gamomdinare amtkiceben, rom dedamiwaze sicocxle arsebobda ramodenime aTeuli milioni wlis winaT da es qarTuli anbaniTac mtkicdeba. qarTuli anbanis mTliani saxe 40 asoniSanSia, romelic warmoadgens adamianis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas dasabamidan dasasrulamde anu droSi erTi ciklis tolia. yoveli asoniSani erT dRed aRiqmeba, ,,weli aTasi viTarca erTi dReÁ~-s gaTvaliswinebiT 40 X 1000 = 40 000, rac anbanis meormoce asoniSnis ricxviT mniSvnelobas warmoadgens da saxea ciklSi welTa raodenobis.
`aToTxmeti weli~ - gavlili ToTxmeti ciklia. maSasadame, 40 000 X 14 X `weli aTasi viTarca erTi dReÁ~ = 560 000 000 weli.
TiToeul ciklSi `oTxmeoce~ meored mosvlaa (da ara ganaxleba) 500 – 532 wliani periodulobiT ase, rom 2001 wels
codvili kacobriobis dasja da RvTismosav adamianTa gadarCena mocemulia bibliaSi daniel winaswarmetyvelis mier: `netaria vinc elis
qarTuli pisqalis saangariSodan:
532 X R
---------------- + 100 = meored mosvla,
z
532 aris mzis (28) da mTvaris (19) moqcevis namravls
R – 25 gasaRebia (anbanis rigiTobidan).
z – 7 aris xelTa,
100 - aris `asi ese wili anbanisaÁ
532 X 25
maSasadame, --------------- + 100 = 2000 wels
7
nostradamusi gvafrTxilebs: `rodesac sagitariusSi celi da wyali SeerTdebian misi zenitSi yofnis dros, iqneba epidemia, SimSili, mokvdineba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT. saukune miaRwevs ganaxlebis mijnas~.
astrologebis cnobiT, saturni akvarius SeuerTdeba, xolo sagitariusi miaRwevs zenits XX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis.
yvelafris arsi RmerTisgan momdinareobs, ciuri sxeulebi da samyaro urTierT dapirispirebaSi arian. samyaroSi yovelgvari dadebiTi da uaryofiTi qmedeba gamowveulia maTi dapirispirebiT anu maTi muxtebis zegavleniT – dajaxebiT. ciuri sxeulebi mxolod dadebiT muxtebs gadmocemen. samyaroSi rogorc cocxal arsebas, ise usulo sagnebs potenciurad gaaCniaT udidesi maragis dadebiTi da ueryofiTi muxtebi. adamiani – samyaros mTavari moqmedi arseba Tavisi SesaZleblobis ZaliT maT xdis Tavisi muxtis matareblad. asea, roca adamiani rkinisagan akeTebs guTans da imave masalisagan akeTebs zarbazans. gana SeiZleba aRiricxos samyaroSi dReisaTvis arsebuli masobrivi mospobis iaraRi? miwis wiaRSi damaluli qimiuri, baqterologiuri da radiaqtiuri maragi, samyaros cocxal arsebas mospobis saSiSroebas uqadis. 1998 wlis 18 dekembers `pikis saaTma~ (rusulad) gadmosca, rom ruseTis 44 qalaqSi radiaqtiuli norma milionjer aRemateba. maTi dacvisa da Senaxvis xarjebi ara aqvT . . .~
Tu zemoT Tqmuls davumatebT mosaxleobis uaryofiT gamoxatulebas, miviRebT uzarmazari raodenobis uaryofiT muxts. astronomebis cnobiT, planetebis daaxloeba moxdeba meoce saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rac gamoiwvevs uzarmazari raodenobis dadebiTi muxtis gamogzavnas dedamiwaze. kargs arafers uqadis,
ase rom, moaxlovebulia gankiTxvis Jami.
p.s. albert ainStains hkiTxes `Tu moxda mesame msoflio omi, ra iaraRiT iwarmoeba igio~? ainStainma cota xnis da fiqris Semdeg upasuxa: `me ar vici, ra iaraRiT iwarmoebs mesame msoflio omi, magram is ki danamdvilebiT vici, rom meoTxe omi qvis sroliT iwarmoebs~. P
uZvelesi poeturi Zeglebi, romelTac biblia daesesxa
s a m y a r o s S e q m n a
7 firfita. asurbanipalis biblioTekidan.
p i r v e l y o f i l i q a o s i
roca sivrceSi jer saxeli ar edo casa,
Zirs ki saxeli ar hqondaT dResaswaulebs,
marT oden apsu arsebobda, imaTi mama,
mere mumu da TiamaTi, RmerTebis deda –
ganuyofeli iyo maTi wyalTa wiaRi. . .
arc veli iyo, arc Waobi, arc mTa da bari
arcerTi RmerTi ar sufevda jer kidev maSin.
mas Semdeg iSva caTa Sina RmerTebis dasi,
iSva lamu da masTan erTad didi laxamu. . .
gavida didi dro da xani. . . anSars da kiSars
eyolad anu, brZanebeli cisa da qveynis. . .
maSin Segrovda saTaTbirod RmerTTa krebuli,
SeSfoTda mZlavri TiamaTi, apsu (da mumu)
gawyra, ganrisxda apsu, didi RmerTebis mama,
da mumus, Tavis TanaSemwes, ase mimarTa:
`o, mumu, Cemo erTgulo da Svebav gulisa,
wavida, vnaxoT TiamaTi, viRonoT rame~
wavidnen naxes TiamaTi, daukres Tavi,
bWoba gamarTes uRirs SvilTa dasaTrgunavad.
apsum gaapo bageebi, cols miubrunda,
Tvalmocimcime TiamaTsa, da uTxra sityva:
`daxe aSlilan Cvenda samtrod da sazianod,
dRisiT simSvide damikargavs, Rame ki Zili. . .
minda gavwyvito, movuSalo savali gzebi,
cremli SegvaSres da vipovoT sulis simSvide~.
esma TiamaTs misi sityva,
Sehyvira risxviT,
boroti saqme ganisZraxa, dasturi misca:
`rac Segviqmnia,davangrioT TviTonve barem
maTi gza iyos zafriTa da kaeSniT savse,
Cveni mafoba – mouSleli, maradiuli. . .
(Tqves da kidevac gaimarjves amjerad, magram
goroz RmerTebis gvarma isev wamohyo Tavi).
Smagad agebdnen mzakvrul maxes dRiTa da RamiT,
isev saomrad miiwevdnen cofmoreulni.
deda xuburma – TiamaTma, yovlis mSobelma
Seqmna Subebi, Sva Zalumi gveleSapebi,
aRWurva basri kbilebiT da uwyalo guliT,
ZarRvebSi Sxami Cauyena sisxlis magier,
eldiT Semosa cofiani bumberazebi.
cecxli SeunTo sazareli, cad aamaRla,
maTi mnaxveli myisve SiSiT iRupeboda,
daxorgilebma ar icodnen ukan daxeva.
gamoiyvana drakonebi, gveli da xvliki,
qajTa, cofian ZaRlTa xrova. Rriankel-kacni,
mZlavri qarebi, Tevz kacebi, Smagi yoCebi,
Seudrekelni, SeWurvilni, Slegni brZolaSi. . .
pirvelSobilTa, garSemoyril RmerTTa krebulSi
mbrZaneblad kingu airCia, sastik brZolaSi
xmlis gaSiSvleba, meomarTa waxaliseba.
RmerTebTan omSi pirveloba am erTs uboZa,
misca samefo samosi da ase ubrZana:
`me Sen gixme da Cagabare RmerTebis dasi,
RmerTTa krebulis mbrZanebloba mogande Sena
iyavi didi, erTaderTo meuRlev Cemo,
anunakebma ganadidos saxeli Seni~.
bedis saswori Caabara mkerdze daado:
`marad ucvleli iyos neba da sityva Seni!~
Semdeg teqsti Zlier dazianebulia. RmerTebs TiamaTis samzadisi SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT, TavianTi bedi babilonis axalgazrda RmerTs marduks miandes da uzenaes mefedac is airCies.
2 m a r d u k i s d i d e b a
marduks, TavianT Surismgebels, wili uyares
da ganumzades sameufo darbazi farTo.
mama-papaTa taxtze axla TviTon avida.
`xar RmerTebs Soris sxvaze metad warCinebuli,
wilic Senia, sityvac Seni, viT anus sityva
amieridan nebac Seni iyos ucvleli,
mogendos arsTa amaRlebac, damdablebaca,
da Seucvleli iyos marad brZaneba Seni. . .
verc erTi RmerTi SenTan davas veRar gabedavs. . .
o, marduk, Sen xar erTaderTi qomagi Cveni,
farTo samyaros gamgeblobas gavalebT Sena.
RmerTTa TaTbirze rom dajdebi, gagiva sityva.
Seni maxvili uZleveli Sens mters Semusravs.
vinc mogendoba, mas sicocxle aCuqe Sena
da Tu boroti ganizraxos, daamxe RmerTi!~
mxiarulobdnen, gahyvirodnen: `RmerTi xar marduk!~
misces maxvili, taxti, skiptra, Zalaufleba:
`Zlevamosilo, am maxviliT Semusre mteri!~
3 m a r d u k i s a d a T i a m a T i s o r T a b r Z o l a
mSvildi modrika, iaraRad arCia Tvisad,
Subi aiRo, rom mtrisaTvis etyorcna gulSi,
xmali aiRo da Caago mZlavri marjveniT,
mSvildi, karpaWi gaikeTa marjvena mxares,
win daiCena elvis ena,
cecxli SeunTo, bade daago TiamaTis SesaboWavad,
oTx qars miando, rom versaiT gaparuliyo.
aRmosavleTSi, dasavleTSi, samxreTs, CrdiloeTs
gaSala mamis naCuqari Zalumi bade,
Seqmna sastiki qariSxali, samxreTi qari,
boroti qari, Svidi qari da borbal-qari,
boroti qari imxula da mgudavi qari.
Seqmna qarebi da gauSva SvidTave mxares,
raTa aevso tiamatis wiaRni ZrwoliT.
Semdeg atexa qariSxali, mrisxane Zala,
qarbuqis frTosan etlSi Cajda Zalumi RmerTi
da Sig Seaba oTxi cxeni-sadaviani,
frTosani, warRvnis, umowyalo da damRupveli,
basri kbilebi savse hqonda gesliT taiWebs –
ia, Weneba maT icodnen da mtris damxoba. . .
Weqa-quxiliT Seimosa, elda
Tavze Tavisi risxvis Suqis moirgo zuCi
da gzas gaudga, gaaqrola bilikze iqiT,
sadac cofian TiamaTsa hqonda bunagi. . .
kingum marduki rom ixila, Sedrka, SeSfoTda,
sadRac gauqra qedmaRloba, azri daebna.
mefe – devgmiri rom ixiles misma RmerTebma,
Sedga, Seirya, Seyoymanda misi laSqari.
marT oden marto TiamaTi darCa uryevi,
amboxis sityvis Rvars anTxevdnen misi bageni. . .
maSin dauSva mbrZanebelma qarbuqi mZlavri
da SeuTvala gacofebul dedakacs ase:
`aRzevebulxar, gulgorozi, avis mzraxveli,
RmerTebs Sebmixar, gsurs Semusro Cemi mamebi!
gaqvs iaraRi, Cven SevebaT erTimeores!~
es TiamaTma rom gaigo, Wkua dakarga,
cecxli moedo, gahkioda cofmoreuli.
misTa ufrskulTa ZagZagebdnen bnelni wiaRni. . .
iwyo Selocva, maSin misnur sityvebs amoisroda.
omis RmerTebma iaraRi mouRadoves,
maSin gavidnen da Seibnen saguldagulod
TiamaTi da RmerTebs Soris brZeni marduki.
bade daugo ufalma da Seipyro qali.
qarbuqs qari daadevna, mkacri mxlebeli.
piri daaRo TiamaTma, napralTa msgavsad,
da ver daxura – Sig SeuSva mardukma qari.
Smagma qarebma gauberes TiamaTs tani,
daWra, SeboWa, daasrula sicocxle misi,
daagdo gvami da daadga fexebiT zeda. . .
RmerTebi, mas rom gars exvivnen, TanaSemweni,
SeZrwunebulni ukuiqcnen, uCvenes zurgi,
gaqceviT scades gansacdelSi Tavis daRweva,
magram motyuvdnen, ver gaeqcaT, Seipyres yvela.
4 s a m y a r o s S e q m n a
roca ufali isvenebda, gvamis Wvretisas
man moifiqra brZnuli saqme: xorcis gayofa,
da marTlac gaWra mTels sigrZeze, brtyeli TevziviT.
zeviT aRmarTa naxevari, zecas gaakra,
zeg urdulebi gauyara, mcvelebs miando:
ar gadmouSvaT usargebloD cidan cvario.
ca daiara, Seixeda yvela mxareSi
da gausworda okeanes, wiaRni zRvaTa,
da zRvaTa msgavsad man aRmarTa RmerTTa savane,
ciur e-Saras sam qalaqSi man daasaxla
sami RvTaeba: brZeni ea, anu, enlili,
didi RmerTebis samyofeli ase moawyo,
ciur jebirze ganalaga maTni mnaTobni,
weli gansazRvra, daadgina mijna-samanni,
Tormeti TvisTvis Seqmna TiTo sami varskvlavi,
dResa da Rames daudgina Tavi da bolo,
Seqmna nabirus mtkice gza da misca msvleloba,
rom ar dairRves mimoqceva ciur cTomilTa,
myari adgili manve misca enlils da eas.
orive mxares gaxsna TaRi msaxvrali xeliT,
marjvniv da marcxniv gaukeTa myari WiSkrebi,
qalRmerTis gulSi daafuZvna Crdilo polusi,
nanara-mTvare aanTo da miando Rame,
Ramis guSagad daayena, dReTa mricxvelad:
`Tvis dasawyisSi amoxvalo zecis tatnobze!
rqebiT aanTe, eqvsdRiani aRniSne kvira,
meSvide dReze naxevari gamoCndi caze
da meToTxmete dRes iyavi badri mTvareo~.
Semdeg dazianebul teqstSi laparakia mzis Seqmnaze, misi gzis dadgenaze, ciuri babilonis Seqmnaze, TiamaTis sxeulis meore naxevarisagan dedamiwis, mcenareTa da cxovelTa Seqmnaze. bolos marduki iwyebs adamianis Seqmnas.
da bolos gulma brZnuli saqme urCia ufals,
gaxsna bage da uTxra eas, rac ganezraxa,
gaando saqme sakvirveli:
`minda aviRo Cemi sisxli da Cemi Zvali,
adamiani Sevqmna misgan. . .
Sevqmni kidevac, rom icxovros dedamiwaze
da emsaxuros maRal RmerTebs. ..~
Zeglis dazianebul bolos swavlulebi ver arCeven.
5 T q m u l e b a w a r R v n z e
(gilgameSianidan)
ase uTxra gilgameSma ut-napiStims, gandegilsa:
` o, naTelo ut-napiStim, giyureb cqeriT vtkbebi.
Seni saxe ar maSinebs, jufTi xar da msgavsi Cemi,
msgavsi xar, da toli Cemi, garCevac ki gaWirdeba.
Seni guli vargisia, rom icinos brZolis velze,
roca gZinavs, zurgze wevxar, rogorc yvela danarCeni!
rad aRxevdi, dagamkvidres mainc ukvdav RmerTTa Soris!
ut-napiStims gaeRima, upasuxa gilgameSsa:
`me gagandob, gilgameSo, saidumlo sityvas Cemsas,
diad RmerTTa saidumlos gagimJRavneb, momismine,
Suripaki, is qalaqi, Sen rob ici,
da evfratis mRvrie talRebs gadascqeris,
Zveleburi qalaqia, RberTebisa,
aq aniSna gulma RmerTebs – warRveniTo!
aq mogrovdnen didi anu, mama-RmerTi,
bel – mebrZoli, meomari da mrCeveli,
da enugi, winamZRoli RmerTebisa,
brZenTabrZeni eac aqve brZandeboda.
maTi sityva man gdasca lerwmis Robes:
`Robev, Robev! zRudev, zRudev, gagvigoneT!
mogvismine, Seismine, lerwmis Robev!
Suripakis mkvidro kaco, tatus Zeo,
daangrie saxli – gemi aaSene,
miatove qoneba da ixsen Tavi,
sicocxlisTvis SeiZule simdidre da
Sens xomaldze aitane yvela Tesli.
jer gazome kargad misi sigrZe-gani,
didi iyos gemi, Sen rom aaSeneb,
sigane da sigrZe qondes zomieri,
Semdeg zRvaSi Seacure gabedulad!`
gavigone da vuTxari ufals eas:
` o, ufalo, yvelaferi, rac miTxari,
gulisyuriT vismine da Sesruldeba,
magram xalxs da berikacebs raRa vuTxra?
eam bage gaapo da mipasuxa,
Tavis msaxurs mipasuxa:
` es uTxari Sens xalxs da berikacebs:
- belsa vZulvar, Tqvens qalaqSi ar vicxovreb,
ar davadgam fexsac belis miwawyalze,
zRvaSi Caval, vestumrebi baton eas,
Tqven is uxvad mogigzavniT warRvnis wyalsa.
frinvelebis wera xarT TevzTa lukma,
uwmindur wyals daRvris Rvarad RmerTi cidan`.
rogorc inaTa, Sevudeqi, saguldagulod,
xuTi dRe vxaze, davasrule bolos naxazi.
kedlebis sigrZe as oci wrTa vivaraude,
da gemis banic as oci wrTa iqneboda.
jer movxaze da mere gemi davxate kidec,
kedlebs eqvsmagi tyavis garsi gadavakari
da Svid nawilad saxuravi davyavi misi,
SigniT gavtixre, vxra nawilad davyavi gemi,
Sua adgilas davdgi misi mowyobiloba,
saWe gavmarTe da movawye, rac saWiroa,
eqvsi sawyao iatakze fisi davRvare,
eqvsi sawyao iatakze kulri davRvare,
monebma zeTi momitanes sami sawyao:
erTi samsxverplo cecxlisaTvis gamovizoge,
menavem ori danarCeni Semoinaxa.
xalxisTvis xarebs vklavdi xolme, da vklavdi Txasa,
yoveldRe TiTo vacsa vklavdi,
Rvinos, kenkris wvens da zeTs vasxavdi ise,
rogorc ubralo wyalsa.
dResaswauli saaxalwlo gavmarTe gemze,
gavxsen beRlebi, amoviRe Zvirfasi muri,
Sebindebamde davasrule gemis Seneba,
bolos mSenebelT momitanes maRali anZa
da yovelive, rac mqonda, avzide gemze
mTeli is oqro, rac gamaCnda, avzide gemze.
mis senakebSi Seviyvane mTeli ojaxi,
mxeci, nadiri, saqoneli, frinveli, mweri. . .
mere SamaSma daminiSna dro da saaTi:
-saRamos binZur wyals dauSvebs bindis meufe,
Sedi gemSi da saidumlod Cagmane kari.
sabediswero dadga wuTi winaswarTqmuli!
mwuxrisYJamsbindis mbrZanebelma dauSva wyali.
dRes rom Sevxede SemaZrwuna: amindi waxda,
gemSi Sevedi, davxure kari,
naosans, pozur-beds mivande marTva gemisa,
mTeli xomaldis movla da patronoba.
kidec inaTa, wamovida Savi Rrubeli,
Siga Rmuoda cis siRrmidan kuSti alali,
nabi da mefe wamovidnen, avis mercarni.
gadmoiares vel-mindvrebi, maRali mTebi. . .
nergalma anZa gadaatexa, gastyorcna zRvaSi.
modis ninibi, moiCqaris, brZola swyuria.
anunakebma CiraRdnebi aagizgizes
da maTi SuqiT gaanaTes piri miwisa.
adadis grgvinam zecis TaRi Seazanzara
da rac naTeli iyo, StanTqa warRvnis wyvdiadma.
Zma veRar xedavs alal Zmas, mSobeli mSobels,
da adamians veRara cnobs adamiani.
RmerTebs aSinebT warRvnis wyali, Zrwian SfoTaven,
garbian zeviT afareben anus cas Tavsa.
iq ZaRlebiviT sxdebian da kedlebs ekvrebian.
uxmobs iStari darajiviT RmerTebs xmamaRla,
xmiT saocari uxmobs cis dedofali:
`is dRe daiwvas, daiferflos, nacar-mtvrad iqces,
ra dResac RmerTebs Cavasmine saqme sazari:
warRveniT-meTqi, mospeT kacis saxsenebeli,
rom zRva dafaros gvamma, rogorc Tevzis qviriTma!`
aq akunakma sxva RmerTebsac adina cremli,
ismis tirili, guldakodil RmerTTa godeba,
sxedan, usityvod caxcaxeben pirmokumulni,
qari, wyali da uragani danavardoben
eqvs dRes, eqvs Rames, cas da miwas azanzareben. . .
meSvide dRes ki uragani dadga, damSvidda,
warRvnis jariviT rom ibrZola mZvinvare frTebiT.
zRvac maSin daczra, qaric Cadga, warRvna davarda.
zRvas gadavxede, ar ismoda talRebis Cqami,
kacobrioba qceuliyo Slamad,
saxuravebze maRla idga Waobis wyali!
kari gavaRe, gaminaTa dReman Rawvebi,
giJs davemsgavse, vijeqi da vstirodi CemTvis.
mowanwkarebda Cems loyebze mduRare cremli.
gavxede zRvaTa wiaRsa qveynierebasa,
oc dRis savalze pawawina kunZuli Canda,
Cemma xomaldma miaSura niziris mTasa.
dRe pirveli da dRe meore mas ar uSveben,
dRe mesame da dRe meoTxe gzas ar aZleven,
arc mexuTe da arc meeqvse. . . ar meSvidec!
rogorc inaTa, gavafrine gemidan mtredi.
gafrinda mtredi, ifrina da mofrinda ukan,
TiTqos adgili ver ipova, dabrunda gemze
axla mercxali gavafrine gemis sarkmlidan,
didxans ifrina da mofrinda xelaxla ukan,
mSrali adgili ver ipova, mofrinda ukan.
bolos yorani aviyvane da gavafrine,
gafrinda Sors da SeamCnia, wyalma daiklo,
Wamda, frinavda, yrantalebda, aRar dabrunda.
mec is oTxsave qars vande da zeTis waqceviT
msxverpli Sevwire uzenaess maRal mwvervalze.
davdgi ToTxmeti salocavi samsxverplo urna,
muri, kedari da lerwami davfine dabla.
RmerTebma msxverplebis suni ikres, keTili suni,
da buzebiviT daexvivnen msxverplis Semwirvels.
bolos RmerTebis dedofalic movarda maRliT,
aRmarTa anus naCuqari samkaulebi:
ise arc am dRis Svebas miecen daviwyebasa!
miuaxlovdiT, maS, RmerTebT samsxverplo cecxlsa!
oRond bedma ar gabedos, ar gaekaros,
radgan moiqca ganusjelad, warRvna moawyo,
Cems adamians savalalo bedi arguna.
maSin movarda RmerTi beli, gemi ixila,
risxviT aevso damRupveli sastiki guli,
aRSfoTebulma RmerT igigas ase mimarTa:
`gana gadarCa mkvdarTagani?
sityva ninibma aiRo da gmir bels mimarTa:
`vin aris qmnilebis Semoqmedi, eas kidegan?
marToden marTo eam icis qveynis ambavi’’
bage gaxliCa didma eam, gmir bels mimarTa:
`Sen brZenTabrZeno RmerTTa Soris, mZle meomaro,
aba rogor ar daufiqrdi,warRvna moawyve
codva mohkiTxe codvilsa da ara qveyanasa!
danaSauli daakisre damnaSavesa?
de, Tundac Rori mosuliyo, eglija xalxi! risTvis warRveni?
Tundac avaza mosuliyo, eWama xalxi!
risTvis warRveni?
dae, SimSili movlenoda, eqcia miwa!
risTvis warRveni?
dae, Savi Wiri mosuliyo, ewyvita xalxi!
didi RmerTebis saidumlo xalxs ar gavande,
gamovecxade sizmarSi da gavande brZaneba!
ase vixseni Cemi xalxi. . .’’
RmerTebma rCeva hkiTxes belsa: gemze avida,
Camavlo xeli brZaneba belma, amwia maRla.
colic aswia, dagvayena erTad orive.
saxeze xeli Segvaxo da ase dagvloca:
` ut- napiStimi iyo erTi mokvdavTagani,
dReidan iyos is ukvdavi, RmerTebis msgavsad
colic eaxlos, daemkvidros SesarTavTano!’’
gamiyvanes da damasaxles mdinaris piras.Q
Svidi suli / bibliuri cxovrebidan/
Svidni arian, Svidni arian,
Savbnel qvesknelSi Svidni arian. . .
miwis wiaRSi gazdilebia,
arc kacebia, arc qalebia,
datyvevebuli qariSxalia,
arc arasodes qorwindebian,
arc arasodes mSobiaroben,
arc sibraluli maT ar ician,
locva vedrebas yurs ar apyroben. . .
mTebSi gazdili ulayebia,
eas mtrebia, Suqis mtrebia
da RmerTebs Soris mZleTamZleoben,
gzaSi xvdebian, mgzavrebs Rupaven,
avnio arian, Svidni arian,
da kidev Svidni arian. . .
S e n i S v n a
1. apsu – pirvelyofili qaosis gansaxiereba, rokelsac mamakacis saxe aqvs.
2 tiamati – pirvelyofili qaosis gansaxiereba qvesknelTa,gamoxatavdnen
qalis-saxe urCxulad. miTi Seiqmna Zvel SuamdinareTSi.
3. brwyinvale Tqmulebis es momentia aRbeWdili. ara nakleb brwyinvale uZveless bareliefze: devgmiri-RmerTi marduki misdevs oTxfexa urCxuls, frTosan tiamats, romelsac niskartiseburi piri dauRia.
4. uZvelesi sameba: anu /Soreuli, miuwvdomeli/ enlini /Zlieri/ ea – brZeni, wmida. SumerTa sameba gadmoiRo qristianobam, arsebobs analogiuri egvifturi Tqmuleba: RmerTma Sum /haerma/ gayo ca /nuti/ da
miwa /gebi/ amasTan cas /muts/ xel-fexze dabjenili qalis saxe aqvs.
5. Cans im dros Tve sam nawilad iyofoda.
6. planeta – marduki-/iupiteri/.
7. warRvnis ambavs gmir gilgameSs mouTxrobs misi winapari, ut- napiStimi, romelsac qveynis kideSi Sexvda, sikvdilis wylebis miRma. is erTaderTi mokvdavia, romelic warRvnas gadarCa, bibliuri noesaviT da ukvdavebas eziara.
8. muri, zmirini /beri/. gundruki – surnelovani nivTiereba:
9. Staxsisa nawuri surneli. . . es muri yvavilisagan gamoixdeba mefeTa sacxebad, Tu mkvdars wascxo wlamdisin ar gaixrwneba babilons mova /saba/
Targmani akaki gelovanis.
RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmna da
saqarTvelos niSnebi
1. – dRes RmerTma Seqmna uxilavi qveyana -- angelozebi.
– saqarTvelos aura da eklesiebi.
2. – dRes RmerTma Seqmna wyali da miwa
– saqarTvelos myinvarwverebi.
3. – dRes RmerTma gayo wyali da miwa
– saqarTvelos zRva da xmeleTi.
4. – RmerTma Seqmna mnaTobebi.
- -- saqarTvelos ena, mamuli sarwmunoeba.
5. – dRes RmerTma gaaCina Tevzi da frinveli.
– saqarTvelos wylis zecis naTelReba.
6 -- dRes RmerTma Seqmna oTxfexa cxoveli da kaci
-- saqarTvelos erovnuli simbolo xari da ` a ‘’ da ` mi ‘’.
adreuli saqarTvelo
`adreuli saqarTvelos sazRvrebi CrdiloeTiT xersonamde, xolo samxreTiT mdinare evfrati da evfratis aqeTa teritoriebi sul saqarTvelod iTvleboda, saqarTvelos sazRvrebi evfratamde Cadioda, amas mowmobs Celebic’’. /S.lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, 1975, gv.257/. antioqieli patriarqi makaric amasve adasturebs. gamoCenili mkvlevarebi niko mari, gamyreliZe da ivanovi TavianT naSromebSi adastureben, rom qarTveluri rasa igive iafeturia. qarTveluri enebis gamoyofa am iafeturi enidan miCneuliadaaxloebiT mesame aTaswleulidan. /indoevropuli ena da indoevrolelebi 1—2 t. 1985w./
mari h. jonstonTan erTad varaudobda, rom arsebobda pirveladi baskur-kavkasiur- draviduli ena qamitur Zireul enaze ufro Zvelia,romelic iyo safuZveli yvela enebisa, /proto qarTuli – proto iberiuli qveyana/. gamocdilma istorikosma icis, rom Zalian xSirad legenda poeturad gadamuSavebuli
namdvili ambavia da igi xSirad Seicavs istoriul sinamdviles. amitom wamoiWra kiTxva – rom ar aris Tqmuleba warRvnaze gamoZaxili didi xnis win momxdari stiqiuri katastrofisa, romelmac Rrma kvali datova mravali Taobis mexsierebaSi. es sakiTxi brwyinvaled gadawyvita didma ingliselma arqeologma
leonard vulim romelmac aRmoaCina. man Sumeris saxemwifos kedlebTan aTaswlobiT dagrovili nagvis uzarmazar grovaSi gaTxara gvirabi da ToTxmeti metris simaRleze ipova Sumeris mefeTa akldama, romelic Zveli welTaRricxvis mesame aTaswleulis dasawyis ganekuTneba, ipoves didZali ganZeuloba da adamianTa ConCxebi. vulim gadawyvita, aucileblad miekvlia Tu ra imaleboda am sasaflaos qveS. misi miTiTebiT muSebma gaTxares momdevno fena da waawydnen mdinaris Slams, romelsac adamianis arsebobis niSanwyali ar etyoboda. nuTu muSebma miaRwies niadagis fenas,roca mesopotamiaSi jer kidev ar arsebobda adamiani? triangulaciuri gaangariSebis safuZvelze vulim daaskvna, rom yamir miwamde jer kidev ar miuRwevia, radgan Slami mis garSemo mdebare Sreze maRla ido da TvaliT advilad dasanaxav borcvs qmnida. samarxTa Semdgom gaTxrebs SesaniSnavi aRmoCenebi mohyva. sami metri sisqis Slamis qveS gamoCnda dasaxlebaTa kvali: agurebi, nagavi, koconis ferfli, keramikis namsxvrevebi. WurWlis namsxvrevTa formac da ornamentic mowmobda, rom es nawarmi sul sxva kulturas ekuTvnoda, mdinaris zeda fenisa—sul sxvas. Sreebis ganlageba mxolod aseTnairad SegveZlo agvexsna: romeliRac grandiozulma wyaldidobam gaanadgura uxsovari drois, CvenTvis ucnobi dasaxlebani. roca wyalma daiwia, mivida sxva xalxi da kvlav dasaxlda mesopotamiaSi. axalmosulebi iyvnen Sumerebi, romelTac CvenTvis cnobil msoflio civilizaciaTa Soris yvelaze Zveli civilizacia Seqmnes. sami metris sisqis fenis dasaleqad saWiro iyo am adgilas wyali mdgariyo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, rva metris simaRleze mainc, Tu meti ara. gamoangariSebulia, rom aseTi wyaldidobisas mTeli mesopotamia SeiZleboda aboboqrebuli niaRvris msxverpli gamxdariyo. etyoba iqaurobas Tavs dastydomia iseTi stiqiuri ubedureba, romlis msgavsic iq iSviaTad momxdara, magram es katastrofa mainc lokaluri xasiaTisa unda yofiliyo. wina aziis xalxTa SegnebaSi ki sivrce, romelic wyalma dafara, mTel samyaros warmoadgenda. maTTvis wyaldidoba iyo msoflio warRvna, riTac RmerTebma codvili kacobrioba dasaja. Tqmulebebi warRvnis Sesaxeb gadadioda saukunidan saukuneSi. mesopotamiidan es Tqmulebebi moxvda qanaanSi, sadac Zvelma ebraelebma TavianT yaidaze gadaakeTes da es versia Zvel aRTqmaSi aRbeWdes.
bibliuri Tqmulebebi gv. 257.
momyavs kidev erTi magaliTi:
dasasrul, SevCerdebiT erT patara, magram metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis irgvliv. mravali saukunis manZilze batonobda azri, TiTqos yvela mecnieruli disciplinis samSoblo saberZneTi iyo, rom fizikis `pirveli akvanic” saberZneTSi dairwa da sxva. gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan mokidebuli ruseTis, evrolisa da amerikis zusti mecnierebis mematianeni aSkarad gadaudgnen am hipotezas da nivTieri sabuTebiT daamtkices, rom berZnebze adre qaldebi /qaldev3elebi/, indrelebi da egviptelebi Caufiqrdnen bunebis movlenebs, magram qaldebis Rrma religiurobam, rac xSirad fanatizmamde midioda, saSualeba ar misca maT Tavisi aRmoCenebi mecnierebamde mieyvanaT. qaldebma berZnebs gadasces Zvirfasi astronomiuli dakvirvebani da ramdenime mniSvnelovani maTematikuri debuleba, rac maT realur mecnierebisTvis gamoiyenes.
amJamad sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qaldebi /qaldevelebi/ qarTveli xalxis erT nawils warmoadgenen. qaldebis STamomavalni axlac cxovroben TurqeTis axlandel miwa—wyalze da maT dRemde Semoinaxes qarTuli ena, zne—Cveuleba da Cveni eris mdidari kulturuli tradiciebi.
v. parkaZe gamoCenili fizikosi.
ai ras vkiTxulobT `saxaliso bibliaSi” , gv. 589.
`qarTveli brZenni” – varskvlavmricxvelni, mogvni da mecarni romelTac babilonis mefis karze TvalsaCino adgili eWiraT. qaldeas mTel babilons eZaxdnen, ufro sworad mis samxreT—aRmosavleT nawils /evfratis aRmosavleTiT/, aq saxlobda qaldebelTa mamaci modgma, cnobili sibrZniT, observatoriiT, rac baalis taZarSi hqondaT gamarTuli. Zlier sagulisxmoa, rom varskvlavebze dakvirvebis es tradicia dRevandel saqarTveloSic SemorCenilia, kerZod svaneTSi, sadac Semonaxulia simRera `iav qalde” da arsebobs sofeli qalde lalxoris maxloblad, romlis mcxovrebTac `varskvlavmricxvelebs” eZaxian. maSasadame, xersonidan indoeTamde qarTuli tomebi yofilan dasaxlebuli. maT Sorisaa mesopotamiac. ingliseli arqeologi vulis aRmoCenebiT SevityveT, rom mesopotamiaSi Sumerebi mosulan warRvnidan didi xnis Semdeg Zv. welTaRicxvis mesame aTaswleulis dasawyiss. vulis mtkicebiT, raqdgan warRvna lokaluri iyo, amitom warRvnis gamowveuli katastrofis Sesaxeb cnoba mezobeli tomebisaTvis da maT Soris SumerebisTvisac cnobili iqneboda. maTTvis cnobili iqneboda damarxuli qalaqis saxelic. unda vifiqroT, rom Sumerebma damarxuli qalaqis adgilze aaSenes axali qalaqi adreuli saxeliT`uriT” warRvnis dros gadarCenili qarTveli tomebi samcxe—sajavaxos gamovliT wyaldidobis SiSiT mTian mxares, duSeTidan xevsureTamde viwro zolad dasaxldnen, da maTi gvartomis warmomadgenlebma adreuli adgilsamyofelis gamo miiRes gvaris daboloeba `uri” xolo adgils, sadac kompaqturad dasaxldnen, magaliTad `xevs” – daerqvaT `xevsurebi”.
qarTveli enis—eris yofa samyaros dasabamidan rom momdinareobs, amas mecnierebic
faqtobrivi masalebiT amtkiceben, magram arsebobs erTi SexedviT martivi gansazRvra:
uZveles xanaSi, rodesac samyaro—dedamiwa dasaxlebuli iyo mcire raodenobis moZrav
gvartomTa jgufebiT, mkvidrdebodnen iq, sadac ufro ukeTesi geografiul—klimaturi
pirobebi iqneboda. aucileblad airCevdnen dedamiwis zomier sartyels, zRvas an did mdinareebs. am arCeviTobis nayofia saqarTvelos dakarguli da daukargavi teritoria. es kurTxeuli qveyana xorblis, foladis da vazis samSobloa. xolo xalxis niWierebam, miwadmoqmed da metalurg xalxad Camoayaliba. mecnier mkvlevarebi amis Sesaxeb gvatyobineben: sxvadasxva xasiaTis istoriuli Zeglebi adastureben, rom qarTuli tomebi uZvelesi droidan cnobili iyvnen sameurneo xasiaTis kulturuli miRwevebiT.
kerZod, `biblia”, `dabadeba”, qarTvelebs metalurg xalxad icnobs. zogierTi liTonis saxelwodeba evropis sxvadasxva enaze qarTveli tomebis saxelidan aris nawarmoebi, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom qarTvelebi ZvelTaganve ganTqmuli iyvnen liTonTa warmoebiT. memaRaroelTa qalaq WiaTuraSi gaTxrebis Sedegad Cvens welTaRricxvamde 4-e saukunis droindeli sadnobi Rumelebi da liTonsasxmeli formebi aRmoaCines, xolo gaqvavebuli vazis Rero, romelic TxuTmeti milioni wlisa unda iyos, mauwyebelia, imisa rom vazis samSoblo saqarTveloa. veluri xorbali axlac gavtcelebulia qarTlis umetes raionebSi. narevebidan kolxuri seli da misi qssovili didi raodenobiT gahqondaT sazRvargareT, amzadebdnen miwadmoqmedebisaTvis saWiro teqnikas, kolxur keramikas. ai aseTi cnobebi gvaqvs Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleulis saqarTveloze.
/ politologia gv. 57. rexviaSviliO/
kacTa modgma – ganviTarebiT iqmneba erovnuli saxemwifoebi, romelTac hqondaT TviTmyofadi adaTi, wesebi, da maradJams rwmena RvTisa. viTardeboda zepirsityviereba, damwerpoba, mxatvroba, filosofia da sxva. damwerlobis ganviTarebiT Seiqmna mwignobroba, xolo damwerloba ver ganviTardeboda Tu ar iqneboda bazisi anbanisa da sityvTa maragis. ase rom anbanidan mwignobrobamde albaT aTasobiT saukune davs.
cnobilia rom didma qarTvelma xelmwifem farnavazma qristes winare me – 4 – saukuneSi `Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli”. aq, anu im periodSi `Seqmna” – moqmedebas, aRdgenas, ganaxlebas niSnavs. farnavazis gamefebamde saqarTvelis Znelbedobis Jami edga, ris gamoc qarTuli ena idevneboda.
cnobili Cexi mecnieri, prof. pukotka wers: damwerlobis tipebis araCveulebrivi mravalferovneba tipologTa winaSe Slis kvleviTi muSaobis farTo perspeqtivebs. damwerlobis mixedviT SeiZleba SeviswavloT an ukidures SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT misi Semqmneli zalxis azrovnebaze, erovnul xasiaTze, romelsac aqvs maRali daxvewili monumenturi damwerloba, udavod gansxvavdeba im xalxis azrovnebisagan, romelsac wvrili ornamentuli damwerloba aqvs, xolo erovnuli Tviseba im xalxisa, romelsac aqvs momrgvalo Snoiani damwerloba, garkveulad gansxvavdeba im xalxis erovnuli Tvisebsbisagan, romelTac moepoveba kuTxovani, Camouyalibebeli /mouwesrigebeli/ damwerloba.
qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSs warmoadgens `qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai”-s teqstic masSi bibliis msgavsad alegoriulad mocemulia zena arsisa da samyaros qmedeba. qarTuli ena dRidan mosvlisa wamebis gzas gadis. mogzaurobis Rrma simboluri datvirTva eZleoda. gzis gavla, gansacdelTa daZleva, idealTan miaxloebad moiazreboda, codviT dacemis Semdeg adamianma /erma/ dakarguli, RvTaebrivi `mec” dabrunebaze unda izrunos. faTerakebiT aRsavse gzis gavliT, Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa daZleviT pirovneba /eri/ sulier simaRles swvdeba.
/qarTuli mwerloba t. 3/
`misisa sawameblad” – mis gamocdas mianiSnebs. `meored mosvla” dakargulis dabrunebiT da dRis /dRemde/ molodiniT aRiqmeba. magram ra davkargeT? – mravalTa Soris umTavresi rom qarTvelebis istoriuli misia imTaviTve iyo gansazRvuli. ase magaliTad, mexotbis TqmiT qarTvelTa gamarjveba bibliuri sjulmdeblis aT mcnebaSi iyo nagulisxmevi:
`moses ficarsa, mTas naficarsa,
ewernes Tqveni Zleva gebulad”.
saqarTvelos politikuri mrwamsia eris /qveynis/ sasikeTod saSinao da sagareo SesaZleblobis zrdis aucilebloba. bibliuri gagebiT, politika adam da evadan momdinareobs. maT sami Svili yavdaT da sazogadoebis dayofac aqedan iwyeba, pirvels eris
samRvdeloeba Caabara, meores Tavad-aznauroba, mesames miwis samuSao – glexoba. RmerTi szva klasobriv dayofas ar scnobs. ras warmoadgens `raboCi klas”, rab-monuri, klas-klasi anu monaTa klasi. komunistebma SemoiRes mimarTva `tovariSi” tovar-sanovage, iSi—eZie, e.i. sanovage eZie, komunistebma Sves inteligenciis klasi /fena/, am bolo dros Camoyalibda `kriSasTan” gaerTianeba. rogor fiqrobT, RmerTs rom ndomoda dadams da evas Svid Svils ver miscemda? qarTveli xalxi RvTis morwmunea. samRvdeloeba ers sulierad zrdis uamravi magaliTebia imisa Ru rogor TavdadebiT msaxurobdnen. moviyvan erT magaliTs, Tu rogor Caidina miutevebeli codva sxvaTa gadasarCenad – da moiTxova gadadgoma: es moxda im dros, rodesac quTaisis cixeSi damkvidrden osmaloni. cixis garnizonis ufrosad gaxldaT faSa, romelic valdebuli iyo yovel wlobiT egzavna xonTqarisTvis 30 qal—vaJi. erTxel, rodesac faSas gamzadebuli yavda tyveebi wasasxmelad, genaTelma gaugzavna mas dekanozi nikoloz kandelaki da Txova tyveebi daexsna. dekanozis mosvla moazsenes faSas. manac dauyonebliv miiRo genaTelis gamogzavnili. faSas sadili mzad hqonda, sufraze axlad moxarSul Zroxis xorcs oxSivari asdioda. faSas kiTxvaze dekanozma moaxsena misi mosvlis mizani.
`jer sadili miirTvi da Semdeg, yvela tyveebs daubruneb genaTelso”, uTxra faSam dekanozs. didi oTxSabaTi iyo da faSas egona sasuliero piri ar gatexs marxvas da gabedulad miscaamnairi piroba.
`amis Wamas dRes 30 sikvdili mirCevnia,-miugo dekanozma magram Tu amaze midga saqme da mxolod amiT SeiZleba tyveebis daxsna, Tundac vicode, rom wavwymdebi saukunod, mainc vWam erTi eg aris, meSinia, amis Semdegac rom ar momce tyveebio”. ase daixsna 30 axalgazda dekanozma.
`sasuliero pirebs qarTvelebi Zalian moridebiT epyrobodnen, maTze Zvirs veras gziT ver aTqmevinebdT. rodesac Tavadebi, didebulni da maTi meuRleni gzaze Seeyrebian mRvdelmTavrebs Tu cxeniT arian CamoqveiTd3ebian da Soridanve dauwyeben muxlmodrekiT Tayvaniscemas Semdeg adgebian da miiReben maTgan locva- kurTxevas. amis Semdeg, ganSordebian ukan-ukan daxeviT, raTa zurgi ar Seaqcion da xelmeored muxlmodrekiT Tayvans scemen. amnairad iqcevian ara Tu marto ubralo qarTvelni, aramed mefe-dedofalnic / patriarqi makari /.
Sahi nadiri mimarTavs Tavis amalas: `nu ganarisxebT qarTvelebs, samxedro niWiTa da didebiT ganTqmulTa, gamovlilT imnair samxedro qariSxlisagan, romelic aryevda maT saxelmwifos, xolo ara maT sarwmunoebas"”
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